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簡(jiǎn)述什么是光學(xué)顯微鏡

光學(xué)顯微鏡 

所謂光學(xué)顯微鏡是指利用光學(xué)成像原理,能將微小的物體放大到肉眼可見(jiàn)的光學(xué)儀器。依照成像方式的不同,又可以分為反射式顯微鏡折射式顯微鏡。依照成像是否倒立,可分為倒立顯微鏡解剖顯微鏡。
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透過(guò)光學(xué)顯微鏡,我們可以觀察1000倍左右放大倍率的物體,透過(guò)口徑的變大,放大倍率可以增大,但受到繞射的影響,解析力卻會(huì)下降,在兩相權(quán)衡下,光學(xué)顯微鏡只能放大到1600倍左右,若想再放大更高的倍率,就必須藉由電子顯微鏡。而光學(xué)顯微鏡的解析度也受到可見(jiàn)光波長(zhǎng)的影響,因?yàn)椴ㄩL(zhǎng)限制在400奈米到700奈米,因此最小的解析度一般不超過(guò)0.3微米。
顯微鏡依照其構(gòu)造組成可分為:目鏡(或稱(chēng)為接目鏡)、物鏡(或稱(chēng)為接物鏡)、粗調(diào)節(jié)輪、細(xì)調(diào)節(jié)輪、玻片夾、載物臺(tái)、反射鏡與光圈。
所謂目鏡是指與眼睛較接近的透鏡,為方便觀察,我們使用的是凸透鏡,藉由光線的聚焦,可以將物體的像放大,與物鏡比較,通常目鏡有較大的焦距。
所謂物鏡是指與物體較接近的透鏡,為造成放大的像,我們使用的也是凸透鏡,介由光線的聚焦,可以使物體成放大虛像,為能使物體盡量接近,一般光學(xué)顯微鏡會(huì)有三組物鏡組可供選擇,通常在使用時(shí),會(huì)先由較低倍率的物鏡先使用,一方面,低倍率的物鏡,視野比較廣比較容易找到要觀察的樣品,另一方面,倍率較小的物鏡長(zhǎng)度比較短,因此與物體距離較遠(yuǎn),有較多的空間可以供粗調(diào)節(jié)輪調(diào)整使用,可以避免物鏡與玻片因接觸而破裂。
所謂粗調(diào)節(jié)輪與細(xì)調(diào)節(jié)輪都是指調(diào)整物鏡與載玻片距離得調(diào)整裝置,但是粗調(diào)節(jié)輪調(diào)整的尺度比細(xì)調(diào)節(jié)輪大,因此,在使用時(shí),我們會(huì)先使用粗調(diào)節(jié)輪大致找到樣品的位置,再利用細(xì)調(diào)節(jié)輪來(lái)微調(diào),調(diào)整到精確的位置,供透鏡聚焦,得到清晰的影像。
玻片夾是位在載物臺(tái)上,兩片具有彈性的鐵片或鋼片,可以將在玻片固定于載物臺(tái)上,避免因誤碰,而必須重新聚焦尋找影像。
載物臺(tái)是承載物體的平臺(tái),下面有一可調(diào)整大小的光圈,一般而言,當(dāng)光線較暗時(shí),我們會(huì)選擇較大的光圈,光線較亮?xí)r,我們會(huì)選擇較小的光圈。
反射鏡位在光圈的下方,如果光線太過(guò)昏暗,還有些顯微鏡會(huì)加裝電燈,充當(dāng)輔助光源。

The optical microscope, often referred to as the "light microscope", is a type of microscope which uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small samples. Optical microscopes are the oldest design of microscope and were possibly invented in their present compound form in the 17th century. Basic optical microscopes can be very simple, although there are many complex designs which aim to improve resolution and sample contrast.

The image from an optical microscope can be captured by normal light-sensitive cameras to generate a micrograph. Originally images were captured by photographic film but modern developments in CMOS and charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras allow the capture of digital images. Purely digital microscopes are now available which use a CCD camera to examine a sample, showing the resulting image directly on a computer screen without the need for eyepieces.

Alternatives to optical microscopy which do not use visible light include scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.

On 8 October 2014, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Eric Betzig, William Moerner and Stefan Hell for "the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy," which brings "optical microscopy into the nanodimension".

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